Shahriar Lahouti
27 October 2023 by Shahriar Lahouti. Hypercalcemia is defined as a serum calcium level above the upper limit of the normal reference range (usually above 10.5 mg/dl). Hypercalcemia can be produced by a variety of...
Last Post
Digoxin Toxicity
20 October 2023 by Shahriar Lahouti. CONTENTS Preface Mechanism of action and pathophysiology Cardiomyocyte Autonomic nervous system Myocardial conduction tissue Basic electrophysiology Refractory period Digitalis...
Digoxin Intoxication: Rapid Review
20 October 2023 by Shahriar Lahouti. Here is an overview of the clinical manifestation, diagnosis, and treatment of cardioactive steroids including digoxin intoxication. For a full discussion, see here. MDClac can help...
Cardiogenic Shock
5 October 2023 by Shahriar Lahouti. CONTENTS Introduction Epidemiology Definition Basic cardiovascular physiology Pathophysiology Etiology and precipitating factors Approach to diagnosis of CS Diagnose hypoperfusion...
Valvular Emergencies: Diagnosis and Management of Severe Aortic stenosis
13 July 2023 by Shahriar Lahouti. CONTENTS Preface Case scenario Etiology Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical manifestation Differential diagnosis Diagnostic evaluation Transthoracic echocardiography When suspect to AS...
Valvular Emergencies: Diagnosis and Management of Severe Mitral Stenosis
8 July 2023 by Shahriar Lahouti. Last Update 14 September 2025. CONTENTS Preface Case scenario Etiology Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical manifestation Differential diagnosis Diagnostic evaluation Transthoracic...
Pneumothorax In Emergency Department
25 June, 2023 by Shahriar Lahouti. Last update 1 December 2024. CONTENTS Preface Pathophysiology Epidemiology and causes Clinical presentation and diagnosis History Signs and symptoms Tension pneumothorax Diagnosis of...
Pleural Effusion In Critically ill Patients
1 June, 2023 by Shahriar Lahouti. CONTENTS Preface Physiology of pleural fluid formation Pathophysiology of pleural effusion Clinical presentation Diagnosis Pleural ultrasound Chest CT Differential diagnosis Historical...
Adrenal Crisis: An Endocrinologic Cause of Shock State
6 May, 2023 by Shahriar Lahouti. CONTENTS Preface Physiologic background Epidemiology and causes Clinical presentation Differential diagnosis Evaluation Management Basic resuscitation Steroid Re-evaluation Prevention...
Crashing Ventilated Patients
11 April, 2023 by Shahriar Lahouti. Approach to crashing patients on mechanical ventilation There are multiple reasons for a patient to deteriorate while on mechanical ventilation. Having a systematic method of...
Mechanical Ventilation: From Bench To The Bedside Review.
January 14, 2021 by Shahriar Lahouti. Last update 1 December, 2024. CONTENTS Preface Respiratory failure Introduction to MV Physiology of Positive pressure ventilation Foundational concepts Basic ventilator parameters...
Pulseless Electrical Activity In The Emergency Department
16 March 2023 by Shahriar Lahouti. Peer reviewed by Mojtaba Chardoli. CONTENTS Preface Clinical presentation Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) True PEA vs. Pseudo PEA Clinical significance Spectrum of PEA Evaluation...